A SIMPLE LABORATORY MODEL FOR INDUCING AND MEASURING PAIN IN SMALL EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Objective: Pain, an unpleasant sensation that we all experience in daily life, is an alert mechanism to prevent impending tissue injury. The animal models employed for screening of analgesic agents include pain-state models based on the use of thermal, mechanical electrical and chemical stimuli. This study was undertaken with an objective to design, develop and fabricate a new animal model for screening analgesics.Methods: In the present study, a humble attempt is made to develop a new animal model for screening analgesics overcoming the limitations of earlier models. The utility of the newly developed laboratory model (M-model) of pain was compared with already established models.Results: A simple laboratory model for screening of analgesics was developed in the present study. In this study, endurance time was defined as the time for which, the animals were able to endure the cold surface of ice-floor. The animals assumed a flinching posture and fled to M-Zone when they were unable to withstand the cold surface. Endurance time was significantly and consistently enhanced by different classes of analgesic agents such as pentazocine, butorphanol, tramadol, diclofenac, ketoprofen and meloxicam. The findings obtained using M-model was in line with those obtained using already established models.Conclusion: An effective animal model for screening analgesics overcoming the limitations of earlier models was developed in this study. This model showed excellent face and predictive validity.Keywords: Pain, Analgesics, Cold stimuli, M-model, Flinching posture, Endurance tim

Identification of storm eye from Satellite image data using fuzzy logic with machine learning

This research presents a study of a unique technique for identifying storm eye that is based on fuzzy logic and image processing with the help of cloud images. Fuzzy logic is a term that refers to complicated systems with unclear behaviour caused by a number of different circumstances. It provides the ability to model the dynamic behavior of the storm and determines the location of the best eye in an area of interest. After that, image processing is applied to enable accurate eye positioning based on the search results. The experimental results are analyzing the storm eye position with approxiamtely $98\%$ accurate compared to the India meteorological department provided best track data and Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies provided Advances Dvorak Technique data. As a result, the identification of storm's eye location using this technique can be found to improve significantly. Using the present technique, it is possible to determine the eye entirely automatically, which replacing the manual method that has been employed in the past

Using tropical cyclone characteristics and considering local factors, the radius of maximum wind over the North Indian Basin is evaluated

Several coastal regions across the world suffer devastating as a result of Tropical Cyclones (TCs). In managing disasters and the economy, learning of TC wind direction, speed and radius can be quite useful. Evaluation of TC wind paramters requires a strong representation of local characteristics that include the effects of spatially varied terrain and land cover. In this study, we create an equation to determine the radius of maximum wind using TC parameters with statistical analysis. Using local regression models, the missing parameter in the best track database is reconstructed. Considering the influence of geographical factors like topography and geo-surface roughness as well. Finally, two TC cases are discussed in the paper. We find that the suggested method's error percentage with the best track data provided by the Indian Meteorological Department ranges from approximately $-50\%$ to $50\%$ and other two reference's \cite{bib22,bib21} error precentage with the best track data provided by the IMD, ranges from approximately $-26\%$ to $200\%

A REVIEW ON PSYCHOSIS AND ANTI-PSYCHOTIC PLANTS

ABSTRACTPsychosis (schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and affective illnesses) is a group of serious illnesses that affect the mind. About 1% of the population suffersfrom psychosis worldwide and increases for those, whose closer family member have suffered with the disorder. Common symptoms of psychosisare hallucinations, delusions, flat affect, forgetfulness, alogia, avolition, and anhedonia. Currently available marketed drugs like chlorpromazine,haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine have some serious adverse effects such as dizziness, diabetes, weight gain, tardive dyskinesia,neuroleptic malignant syndrome, sexual dysfunction, agitation, and sedation. There is no satisfactory remedy available for prevention and managementof psychosis. Therefore, the demand for herbal medicine is increasing. This article collects the information about the possible plants and dietarysupplements to improve symptoms of psychosis with no side effect. The present review discusses about anti-psychotic plants, its biological source,common name, and other biological activities, which are helpful for researchers to development new anti-psychotic herbal formulations.Keywords: Psychosis, Anti-psychotic drugs, Dietary supplements, Anti-psychotic plants

A study of etiology and outcome of preterm birth at a tertiary care centre

Background: Preterm births are still the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. It is a major challenge in the obstetrical health care.Methods: This study was conducted over a period of eight months from September 2016 till April 2017 at a tertiary care hospital. All patients who delivered a live baby before 37 weeks of gestation were included in the study.Results: Present study was conducted on 100 eligible women out of which 7 delivered before 30 weeks but majority of them (55%) delivered after 34 weeks of gestation. In our study, most of the patients (66%) presented in active phase of labor which resulted in preterm birth of baby. The most common risk factor of preterm labor was genitourinary tract infections (34%) followed by Preterm Premature rupture of membranes (22%). Past obstetric history of preterm delivery and abortions also had a significant impact on the present pregnancy outcome.Conclusions: Preterm labour and birth still have a high incidence causing significant neonatal mortality and morbidity as well as economic burden on family and hospital. The causes of preterm birth are multifactorial and modifiable. This incidence can be reduced by early identification of established risk factors, as revisited and reemphasized in our study, with the help of universal and proper antenatal care

A Nevus of OTA with Intraoral Involvement: A Rare Case Report

Nevus of Ota, which originally was described by Ota and Tanino in 1939. It is characterized as congenital or acquired hamartoma of dermal melanocytes, presents clinically as a blue or gray patch on the face within the distribution of the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve. Involvement of the palatal mucosa occurs rarely in nevus of Ota, when it occurs, it usually blends with the oral mucosa and is typically irregular, ill defined and often present as a mottled patch. Nevus of Ota is rare in the Indian subcontinent. So far very less cases of nevus of ota with intraoral involvement have been documented in the English literature. We report a rare case of intraoral nevus of Ota in a 20 year-old female patient

Analyze the SATCON Algorithm's Capability to Estimate Tropical Storm Intensity across the West Pacific Basin

A group of algorithms for estimating the current intensity (CI) of tropical cyclones (TCs), which use infrared and microwave sensor-based images as the input of the algorithm because it is more skilled than each algorithm separately, are used to create a technique to estimate the TC intensity which is known as SATCON . In the current study, an effort was undertaken to assess how well the SATCON approach performed for estimating TC intensity throughout the west pacific basin from year 2017 to 2021. To do this, 26 TCs over the west pacific basin were analysed using the SATCON-based technique, and the estimates were compared to the best track predictions provided by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC), Tokyo. The maximum sustained surface winds (Vmax) and estimated central pressures (ECP) for various ``T" numbers and types of storm throughout the entire year as well as during the pre-monsoon (March-July) and post-monsoon (July-February) seasons have been compared. When compared to weaker and very strong TCs, the ability of the SATCON algorithm to estimate intensity is determined to be rather excellent for mid-range TCs. We demonstrate that SATCON is more effective in the post-monsoon across the west pacific basin than in the pre-monsoon by comparing the algorithm results

Approach to bleeding patient

Managing a bleeding patient is very challenging for the perioperative physician. Bleeding in a patient would be due to inherited or acquired disorders of haemostasis. Identifying the patients at risk of bleeding and utilising prophylactic treatment protocols has good outcomes. Along with clinical signs, trends in monitoring coagulation parameters and analysing blood picture are necessary. Management of patients in the postoperative period and in intensive care unit should be focused on normalization of coagulation profile as early as possible with available blood and its products. Available recombinant factors should be given priority as per the approved indications. Exploring the surgical site should be considered for persistent bleeding because haemodynamic compromise, excessive transfusion of fluids, blood and its products and more inotropic support may have a negative impact on the patient outcome

Role of hydrocortisone in prevention of pain on propofol injection

Background and Objectives : Pain following intravenous injection of propofol continues to be an intriguing problem. None of the commonly used methods completely attenuate the pain. Inflammatory response to propofol contributes to the pain. Role of hydrocortisone in attenuating pain has not been evaluated. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of lignocaine and hydrocortisone in attenuation of pain following intravenous injection of propofol. Materials and Methods : A prospective randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 72 adult patients belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II, scheduled to undergo elective surgery. They were randomly assigned to four groups of 18 each. Group NS, group LG, group HC10, and group HC25. The groups received 2 ml normal saline, 2 ml 2% lignocaine, 10 mg/2 ml hydrocortisone, and 25 mg/2 ml hydrocortisone, respectively, as pretreatment. Propofol was injected 30 sec later. A blinded researcher assessed the patient′s pain level using a four point verbal rating scale. Results : The four groups were comparable in respect to patient′s characteristics. There was no significant difference of hemodynamics changes during propofol induction between all the groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of pain between patients who received hydrocortisone and the placebo group. The incidence of pain was significantly less in group LG than other three groups. Conclusion : Use of intravenous low dose hydrocortisone pretreatment of the vein does not attenuate pain following propofol injection

Effect of magnesium sulfate nebulization on the incidence of postoperative sore throat

Background: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a well-recognized complication after general anesthesia (GA). Numerous nonpharmacological and pharmacological measures have been used for attenuating POST with variable success. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to compare the efficiency of preoperative nebulization of normal saline and magnesium sulfate in reducing the incidence of POST following GA. Materials and Methods: Following institutional ethical committee approval and written informed consent, a prospective randomized double-blinded study was conducted in 100 cases divided into two equal groups. Patients included in the study were of either gender belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) status 1 or 2 undergoing elective surgery of approximately 2 h or more duration requiring tracheal intubation. Patients in Group A are nebulized with 3 ml of normal saline and the patients in Group B are nebulized with 3 ml of 225 mg isotonic nebulized magnesium sulfate for 15 min, 5 min before induction of anesthesia. The incidence of POST at rest and on swallowing and any undue complaints at 0, 2, 4, and 24 h in the postoperative period are evaluated. Results: There is no significant difference in POST at rest during 0th, 2nd and 4th h between normal saline and MgSO4. Significant difference is seen at 24th h, where MgSO4lessens POST. There is no significant difference in POST “on swallowing” during 0th and 2nd h between normal saline and MgSO4. Significant difference is seen at 4th h, where MgSO4has been shown to lessen POST. Conclusions: MgSO4significantly reduces the incidence of POST compared to normal saline